The writer of
these notes John Byrnes (john.mail "@" ozemail.com.au) invites
additional information re anything here, and/or corrections to any errors or
misunderstandings.
An interest in
Upper Castlereagh and in Fr. Stockton began when he found there what he came
to regard as some of the then oldest known evidence of intelligent humans
(Homo sapiens), and the oldest evidence of man in Australia. The present
writer, a geologist, left the University of Sydney to work for the Mines
Department (Geological Survey) in 1972. He remembers attending one
of the show and tell talks that Eugene gave on his Upper Castlereagh finds
back then, at uni, and has had a curiosity since of what reaction did this
have on others - What follow-up was there, for example?
In the short time frame of just a
few decades later on, Fr. Stockton's discoveries are all but forgotten
locally. Fairly extensive enquiry, off and on over several years, showed
that very few people in Castlereagh or in nearby Penrith City had ever heard
of Fr. Stockton's once amazing discoveries at Upper Castlereagh.
More than a few, however, had heard of him as least or did know of him
generally as a Blue Mountains archaeologist and author/speaker.
Back in the 1980s, however the
local press did report on Eugene's discoveries and what he thought of
them. In the Blue Mountains Echo of 26 August 1986 (front page) an
article "Ancient Site of Aborigines) called the discovery "The
oldest known Aboriginal site in Australia" and noted that it "has
been found by noted Larson archaeologist Farther Eugene Stockton, whose
evidence reveals Aboriginal occupation dating back 45,000 years.
The discovery is even more important when it is explained that the earliest
recorded evidence of man in Europe is 35,000 years." Fr
Stockton is quoted, explaining how thermoluminescence work done at Wollongong
University had "now confirmed that the artifacts are at least 45,000
years old." The article states that Fr. Stockton was excited
by this date because up till then the earliest recorded evidence of man in
Australia was 40,000 years at a site near Perth. Prior to this
article, Fr. Stockton was already noteworthy as having found the oldest
evidence of human occupation on the Blue Mountains, at the King's Table rock
shelter (22,000 years) near Wentworth Falls.
Following the Blue Mountains Echo
article, the Penrith City Star also covered this story, in an article of page 2 of
the issue of 21 April 1987.
This article showed a photo of "Father Eugene Stockton with a collection of antique tools found at the Cranebrook quarries - now part of the Penrith Lakes Scheme area".
The article is headed "When all the world was very young ...".
It's other headlines ate
"Man's origins in Penrith?" and "Did the world's first human beings live in Penrith?
The discovery of ancient stone tools in the Penrith Lakes Scheme area
indicated that 'modern' man may have lived there as long ago as 47,000 years
ago."
The article explains that the
'tools' were found about 15 years previously but a study in 1986 revealed that
the source gravel beds were between 43,000 and 47,000 years old. The
article noted that such a date was then older than any other known site of
human existence in Australia and 8,000 to 12,000 years older than those in
Europe.
The Penrith City Star article
however also introduced controversy by including opinion (which presumably the
journalist writing the article must have sought) from National Parks and
Wildlife Service which negated all that Stockton said.
The article quoted archaeologist
Bronwyn Conyers of NPWS who said the area of the finds "would not have
been the original location of the tools that were found
there." The article carries regarding Ms Conyers view:
"Because they were discovered in sand and gravel beds, she believes they
would have been from other areas and deposited there during floods several
thousand years ago."
Curiously the paper inserted this
contradictory view that believes the articles were carried there "several
thousand years ago" in the same article as reporting a study that dated
the gravel at 43-47,000 years old. It should have sought the reply
of Stockton and his co-workers to such negating view from the NPWS (as it
seems likely that Ms Conyers knew little or nothing of the matter, and perhaps
hadn't ever read the publications by Stockton and his co-workers on the
area?).
For History Week 2009 it was organised for
the Upper Castlereagh object found by Stockton to be temporarily returned
there for display from their permanent repository at MacCleay Museum,
University of Sydney.
The matter was again written about to local
newspapers:
Penrith Press
Brad Earl
earlb@cumberlandnewspapers.com.au
Penrith City Star
Roslyn Smith
r_smith@mail.fairfax.com.au
Western Weekender
Troy Dodds
Troy.Dodds@mediaview.com.au
~~ contacted 19 July 2009 ~~
~~ Letter (email) "media-2" sent to above three (Penrith Press,
Penrith City Star,
Western Weekender) on 4 August 2009.
Hawkesbury Way News Magazine
info@hawkesburyway.com
The
Echo, Katoomba, Leura and Wentworth Falls
Local News Editor:
Jeanie Baxter
Phone: 0420 356 705
Email: echocommunitynews@gmail.com.au
Managing Editor and Advertising Enquiries
Margaret Stepniewski
Phone/fax: 4773 8974
Email: info@theecho.net.au
This
webpage began as notes being taken by the writer (John Byrnes) during
gathering of facts, and looking for physical material, on the past of Upper
Castlereagh river flats - especially in the lead-up to a planned day of talks
at Castlereagh planned by 5 September. In the 1970s-1980s
"many" broken pebbles/cobbles (suspected human activity in making
stone tools/artefacts) were found at 2-3 sites a short distance south of the
E-W stretch of Castlereagh Road at Upper Castlereagh. The five
'best stones' which were found by Eugene Stockton were noted in the 1987 paper
by Nanson et al. to be by then housed in the Macleay Museum. These are
in the Stockton collection drawers - "Drawer 82 Castlereagh
85.5.82.1 - 85.5.82.12 (11 obj.) [All from gravel bed - This is the main
set of objects corresponding with the Castlereagh publications]
(except 85.5.82.5; missing from drawer)" - and the flat pebble with three
flake marks which Stockton reported finding in situ is shown. The
whereabouts of further material found in 1987, and also further material said
to have been found after the original discovery announcement, by visiting
archaeology students from Sydney University, has not been established.
Eugene Daniel Stockton is a priest
and theologan who did at doctorate at University of Sydney on Arabian cult
stones. He is now retired from parish ministry and is now mostly active in
writing.
Eugene has engaged in archaeology in the Middle East
(Stockton 1982)
and since then in many parts of Australia.
HIs
interest in cult stones first arose from a seminary study in 1958.
Later, when studying in Jerusalem in 1967, he produced a memoir "Cult
Stones of Ancient Palestine" at the Ecole Biblique et Archιologique
Franηaise. That is the interest which lead on to his
thesis. He, much closer to home, discovered at that time the broken
cobbles in the gravel layer at Upper Castlereagh which are noted hereing.
At the time he gave talks on this at University of Sydney - which this writer
attended (I did a thesis at Uni. of Sydney, on fossils, in the geology
department - and well remember Eugene back then giving his talk and showing
his finds ... some geologists in attendance back then were somewhat skeptical
of the matter, regarding 'artefacts' as "just broken stones" or
suchlike, and things of little interest that were not remarkable in their
opinion). The writer is currently uncertain when this was,
exactly. Possibly it was 1972? This will be determined
however when newspaper reports are located, as the discovery was at the time
written up in several Sydney newspapers. The discovery was
published in Stockton and Holland (1974), wherein it was termed "Site
X" and shown to be about half way along the E-W stretch of the Nepean
River at Upper Castlereagh, a little north of the River. From Stockton
and Holland (1974) this is the (abridged) profile for Site X:
["Overburden"
layer] - Surface to 6m depth
-
Grey soil of varying depth up to 60 cm. (some flaked chert and see
"McCarthy, 1948" for surface finds in this area)
-
Clay and fine sand in which was developed a red podzolic layer.
Gravel
bed - 9m in thickness
-
intercalated beds of fine white sand, with crescent-shaped peaty lenses.
-
In situ at the base of the gravels was a possible pebble chopper, dated from a
nearby log at 26700 +/- 1700,1500 BP (GaK. 3014) [=
Object
85-5-82-4 shown below]. Large
pieces of bog-preserved timber were frequent at this level.
In
the later paper by Nanson, Young and Stockton (1987) it is
stated (page 74) that 85-5-82-4
(Fig. 5a) was "taken from the section alongside a log providing
radiocarbon sample GaK 3014". At the end of the Nanson
et al. (1987) paper there is a "Postscript" (page 78) which states
that in February 1987 "while examining freshly exposed faces in the
bottom half of the Castlereagh gravels between Sites 7 and 8 and Castlereagh
Road (Fig. 2) we found many suspected artefacts". They
described five specimens which "stood out because of their
multi-directional flaking, conchoidal fracture and undamaged flake ridges
(indicating that they had probably been discarded at their find spots rather
than rolled downstream)". The whereabouts of this
additional 1987 material has not yet been determined.
This year, as co-editor with John
Merriman, he published a revised edition of "Blue Mountains Dreaming: The
Aboriginal Heritage" which brought together and reviewed many years of
research (excavations and surveys) in the Blue Mountains. Eugene
found traces of human activity along the River at Upper Castlereagh from up to
50,000 years ago, and occupation in the Blue Mountains at least 22,000 years
ago. He is interested in the way we view our locality (Blue
Mountains and Cumberland Plain), and proposes a shift from "Western
Sydney" to a bioregion view, as a distinct geographic unit focussed on
the River, with successive layers of inter-related life.
Eugene
agrees to talk at the Castlereagh talks day and on nominated his topic as
"The Bioregion of Deerubin" (Deerubin is the Aboriginal name of the river).
Father
Stockton is author/editor of the well-known book "Blue Mountains
Dreaming: the Aboriginal Heritage" (2nd Edition, 2009)about Aboriginal archaeology and history.
Book
"Blue Mountains Dreaming" by Eugene Stockton and others
Eugene's theme on this follows on from a
paper (Stockton, 2002) which he delivered in 2002 at
Yarramundi a little further downstream on the Nepean (presented at a forum
named "Place and Culture" which had been organised by University of
Western Sydney).
Eugene in 2002 spoke that this is
basin or catchment of a river system, the Nepean-Hawkesbury and its
tributaries - comprising the Blue Mountains and the Cumberland
Plain. For this he used the local Dharug word "Deerubbin"
and he described the river basin as a bioregion, meaning a multi-layered life
community of which we are part: "It arouses awareness of the several
levels of life processes, superimposed one on the other, each interlocking and
interdependent on the others". Fr Stockton said he first
encountered this idea of bioregion in the book by Thomas Berry "The Dream
of the Earth" (1988).
Eugene read Berry's bioregional
story of the Hudson River Valley and saw that analogous things may be thought
for the River Deerubbin. Father Berry is from a Catholic tradition
sometimes called "geologian".
Eugene Stockton (2002) postulated
that the Blue Mountainas plateau rose and tilted west over 50 million years
ago; and he also thought of the River Deerubbin (Nepean) as the descendant of
the great rivers which bore sediments perhaps from as far away as Antartica.
He wrote in 2002: "Having
played its part in the formation of our sandstones and silts, it still
continues to carve out valleys through its daughter tributaries. It is
truly the Mother River of our region. It is very old, older than the
Lapstone Monocline atop the escarpment, where river-rolled pebbles and
boulders mark an erstwhile course of the ancient river before the last uplift
began."
"The earliest evidence of
human presence were stone tools discarded among the channels of the broad
gravelly riverbed of the Nepean, then 15 metres lower than it is now.
These have been dated up to 60,000 years ago (revised dates have yet to be
published)." .... "There is no reason to doubt continuity between
these perhistoric people and the Dharug, who provide the present population of
this region with a precious core link to the past".
Stockton recommended following
Berry's view of the river as a "celebration of existence" [and
survival] ... and that we could well view Deerubbin in the same light, as
"a symbol of and ground for such a bonding of all that lives in this
bioregion. The river and its tributaries reach out to every
locality and to every part of this living community. The river
reaches far back through time to the earlier inhabitants of the region, to the
ancestral life forms, to the very formations of the physical
environment" (Stockton, 2002).
Thomas
Berry, whose sense of "bioregion" is followed by Fr. Eugene
Stockton. And his dwelling place,
which
there are current moves to preverve from demolition.
Thomas Berry died 1 June, 2009, aged
94. Recipient of eight honorary
doctorate degrees, Thomas Berry has received recognition from sources all over
the world for the depth and breadth of his work to bring into greater human
consciousness a more reverential vision of the human-earth relationship.
He was buried
on 8 June in a meadow on the grounds of Green
Mountain Monastery (Fr. Thomas Berry Sanctuary) near Greensboro, Vermont -
a place which he had co-founded, along with Srs. Gail Worcelo and Bernadette
Bostwick ("We are a new monastery in the Catholic tradition,
whose founding mission gathers its inspiration from our mentor and co-founder,
Thomas Berry; monk, scholar, cultural historian and geologian"; in the
Benedictine tradition). Gail asked for women in the room who had
had a heart connection with Thomas to come up, surround the casket and walk in
a circle - "We danced, hands clasped together, walking to the right and
then to the left, swaying for a moment and then back in the other direction.
Another simple gesture of embrace and tenderness"; then men and women
would carry the casket to the meadow. Outside the monastery, at
the foot of the ascent, Sister Bernadette sounded the Ram's horn to initiate
the final climb. The women whom Thomas was closest to also helped carry him.
At the summit, Paul Winter played his solo clarinet as people prepared to
lower Thomas into the Earth. The monastery bell tolled, one that is only rung
when someone has died, and he was lowered in". His
'headstone' is a large stone outcrop.
Thomas, with
sisters Gail Worcelo (left) and Bernadette Bostwick (right) at Green Mountain
Monastery.
Almost his whole life, Thomas Berry
had been a student of the earth and the human condition. From his
academic beginning as a cultural historian, he soon evolved to
become a historian of Earth - and to see himself not as a theologian but as a
"geologian."
In particular, he conducted an ongoing study of the
ecological nature of Earth, the way everything affects everything else. He
realized then that human beings are a part of a larger natural order. The catastrophe of our time is the loss of any real human connection to the
natural world, he told a reporter in 2005. Thats why ecology
alone is not the answer because its a use relationship to the natural
world. The earth is saying, You used me. Trees, birds
- all living things - have rights, he wrote. They require that
people treat the natural world not as an object, but as a living
being. If nothing has rights but humans, then everything else
becomes the victim, Berry said. (Source:
http://isiria.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/thomas-berry-died).
[ Move
to rescue from demolition the dwelling place of Thomas Berry - The
"Center for Education, Imagination and the Natural World" seeks to
rescue from demolition the dwelling place of Thomas Berry. Through
his writings and lectures he sought to revitalize the major cultural
institutions of education, politics, economics, and religion, and his work
continues to generate creativity in the fields of art, music, dance and
literature. Thomas Berry's hermitage dwelling has come to lie in
the path of a proposed loop-road around the city of Greensboro, NC - where
Thomas grew up and had a childhood experience of a meadow across the
creek that served as a touchstone for his future life and work.
After retiring from the Riverdale Center in New York City in 1995, where he
wrote The Dream of the Earth , co-authored The Universe Story ,
and produced a vast body of papers and articles, Thomas took up residence at
the above photographed hermitage on Berry family land in Greensboro, NC.
From 1995-2004 he worked there on his further books The Great Work:
Our Way Into the Future and Evening Thoughts: Reflecting on Earth as
Sacred Community. When his health had deteriorated and death
was looming, he had moved into the Wellspring Retirement Community, which was
only a stone's throw away from the hermitage site. His admirers
wish to relocate his house out of the path of destruction and save it as a
"source of pride to the citizens of North Carolina and the world"
and a centre for continuing his visions.
"Cranebrook
Terrace revisited" - The earliest inhabitants
Artefacts,
and suspected artefacts, in the basal gravel at Upper Castlereagh were found by
Eugene Stockton. Two key papers recording this are Stockton and Holland
(1974) "Cultural sites and their
environment in the Blue Mountains" [Archaeology and physical anthropology in
Oceania 9: 36-65] and Nanson, Young and Stockton (1987) "Chronology and palaeoenvironment of the Cranebrook Terrace (near Sydney)
containing artefacts more than 40,000 years old" [ Archaeology in Oceania 22:
72-8].
Some key
points in those papers are:
* Stockton
found one of the artefacts (a pebble with a succession of flakes along one edge)
in situ and near the base of gravels.
* In Nason
et al. *1987), Figure 5 shows three photographs of "The artefacts from the basal gravels at the site".
* In Stockton and Holland (1974), Figure 7 shows "Core and pebble tools: uniface pebble choppers" of which the pebble of figure 7a is noted as "from Castlereagh close to carbon sample
GaK. 3014" and is same pebble as that of figure 5a in the Nason, Young and Stockton paper.
* The Stockton and Holland paper states: "Nepean River, Castlereagh (Windsor 1:63360 [GR] 666323. In situ at the base of the gravels was a possible pebble chopper, dated from a nearby log at 26700 (+/- 1700 / 1500)
B.P. (GaK. 3014). Large pieces of bog-preserved timber were frequent at this level, a specimen from the adjacent upstream quarry being dated more than 31,800 years old ....".
Later work concluded that timber was beyond radiocarbon method, and/or affected by later humate contamination, etc., and
thermoluminescence work suggested a much older age for this layer. A charcoal sample from higher in the gravel, near Jackson's Lane, gave 37,750 +/- 1500/-1700 BP age.
Thermoluminescence dates were in the range 43-47 Ka.
* The Nason, Young and Stockton paper describes the pebble of figure 5a as "a pebble chopper; a round flat pebble of weathered rhyolite, measuring 12x10x3 cm, with three flakes dislodged by concoidal fracture ... " and "obvious pitting from age covers all surfaces".
Below is
some more on the latest-available (Stockton and Nanson, 2004) consideration of this.
[Cranebrook
Terrace revisited: Archaeology in Oceania, publication date 1 April
2004, authors Eugene and Gerald Nanson.]
"Recent
publication of revised dates for the Cranebrook Terrace, near Penrith NSW,
invited renewed attention to the archaeological finds in the quarries beside
the Nepean river. The original find was a pebble chopper found in situ at the
base of the gravels, when pumping allowed inspection below the water table and
the discovery of bog-preserved logs nearby (Stockton and Holland 1974:65).
These were then dated to about 30,000 B.P. Subsequent work on the
geomorphology of the terrace by Nanson and Young showed that the dated samples
had been contaminated with younger carbon in the ground water (Nanson et al.
1987).
"The 1987 report discussed the major expansion and revision of the
previous investigation. Thirteen [C.sup.14] and TL dates were published,
indicating the basal gravels were deposited between 43,000 and 47,000 years
ago. Further artefacts were found in the tumble of gravel at the foot of the
quarry wall at the original site 11 and were described in detail. It was
explained why the finds though not in situ could only have come from the
gravel unit. A postscript of the report recorded further finds from sites 7
and 8 by a party of University of Sydney students, with Peter White, in
February 1987. It was noted that, apart from effects of age pitting and use
damage on the first find, the flake ridges of the ar
tifacts were fresh and
undamaged, suggesting discard at of near the find spots, rather than being
rolled from a distance upstream.
"Understandably, caution has been expressed at such antiquity for signs
of human presence in southeast Australia. The finds are dismissed by Mulvaney
and Kamminga (1999: 138) as 'simple flakes found in a cobble stream . there
are some serious doubts about their identification as artefacts'. However, the
previous reports provided detailed descriptions according to archaeological
norms, with some illustrations and photographs. Some twenty items were
displayed at the Department of Geography, University of Sydney, to a group of
archaeologists and geologists and were graded to range between certain and
uncertain artifacts. Eight of the former were published (Nanson et al. 1987:
74-5,78). They are now in the Macleay Museum.
"In a major revision of this story, more recent luminescence
determinations by Nanson et al.(2003) put the age of the gravel deposition in
the eastern part of the terrace at about 110 to 75 ka (Penrith Unit), and the
basal gravels in the western portion where the artifacts were located at 40 to
50 ka (Richmond Unit). Four new TL samples were obtained from sand lenses
within gravels of the Richmond Unit near where the artifacts were found. Close
to contact with overlying flood plain fines these gave ages of 41.9+/-5/5 ka
(W390), 43.0+/-6.3 (W394) and 45.1+/-8.8 (W937), while near the gravel base
was a date of 50.4+/-8.9 (W935) (Site 13, Figure 1). The original in situ
pebble chopper would be dated at or near this last date.
"While evidence of considerable antiquity is mounting in other parts of
Australia, the Cranebrook Terrace dates are the only ones found so far on the
eastern seaboard".
Finding the Castlereagh material (notes of brief examination, at Sydney
University, July 2009):
------------------------------
Drawer 23 (Natural Points) - Castlereagh - ?? [did not relocate]
Drawer 35 (steep scrapers - covex) - Castlereagh - ?? [did not
relocate]
Drawer 38 Alternate (flaked pieces) - Castlereagh - 85.5.38.15 [could not
match with publications]
Drawer 62 Quartz implements - Castlereagh - x, [marked as
"Castlereagh (gravel bed) - broken quartz pebble]
Drawer 82 Castlereagh
85.5.82.1 - 85.5.82.12 (11 obj.) [All from gravel bed - This is the main
set of objects corresponding with the Castlereagh publications]
(except 85.5.82.5; missing from drawer)
Drawer 83 Castelreagh continued [One is marked "85-5-83-9 -
Castlereagh (gravel beds)"]
85.5.83.1 - 85.5.83.9 (9 obj)
Object
85-5-82-4 at Macleay Museum - "a pebble chopper found in situ at the
base of the gravels, when pumping allowed inspection below the water table and
the discovery of bog-preserved logs nearby (Stockton and Holland 1974:65).
These were then dated
to about 30,000
B.P. Subsequent work on the
geomorphology of the terrace by Nanson and Young showed that the dated
samples
had been contaminated with younger carbon in the ground water" (Nanson et al.
1987). (Photos: Matt Poll)
The
modified pebble object 85-5-82-4 which is shown above was interpreted by
Eugene Stockton as a worked uniface
pebble (presumably incipient or unfinished) which was interpreted as having being
flaked with the intention of forming a chopper tool. This
pebble is Figure 7a in Stockton and Holland (1974) and Figure 5a Nanson,
Young and Stockton (1987). Stockton and Holland (1974, p. 52)
described this as a flat pebble of weathered rhyolite, measuring 12 x 10 x 3
cm, with three flakes dislodged by conchoidal fracture, one overlapping, in a
series on one face along a straight 7 cm side. They stated that
"obvious pitting from age covers all surfaces (cortex, flake faces and
ridges)".
For
comparison: An
advanced stage uniface pebble implement from Point Plomer north of Port
Macquarie. (Source:
McCarthy,
F.D. An Analysis of the Large Stone Implements from Five Workshops on the
North
Coast of New South Wales
in Records of the Australian Museum
21:8 (1947) pp.411-430.
Object 85.5.82.9,
also from drawer 82 of Stockton collection held by Macleay
Museum (Photos: Matt Poll)
Stockton's
thirteen or more items from the gravel bed at Upper Castlereagh are broken up
pebbles and cobbles of a variety of rock types. Fragment of a large
broken porphyry clast (cobble) is object 85.5.82.9 above.
Object 85.5.39.6,
from Pymble. Held in drawer 39 of Stockton collection now at Macleay Museum
(Photos: Matt Poll)
An
elongate fragment (object
85.5.39.6 - "Biface chopper") of
a greatly smashed up quartzite cobble, as shown above, is in the Stockton
collection, from Pymble. Speaking with Eugene on the
Castlereagh talks day, he unfortunately no longer remembers anything about
where this came from at Pymble. This is not surprising,
considering the very large number of places he has collected from.
The
mostly likely source of a cobble fragment like the above Pymble one, would be
the Nepean River gravels. (A large ground edge hatchet made of
cordierite hornfels, almost certainly from the Penrith area, is in the
Australian Museum, which was collected at Homebush Bay).
Objects
like 85.5.39.6
from Pymble strongly support the idea that people broke up cobbles at the
Nepean River and carried away sharp edged fragments for use in cutting,
chopping or scraping.
If
it was not people that broke the broken pieces of cobbles and pebbles which
Eugene Stockton collected at Upper Castlereagh, then what was it? Nason, Young and
Stockton
(1987) stated: "We believe this is possibly an artefact. It is extremely unlikely that a naturally abraded river-stone would receive three concoidal fractures along the same edge, although it is possible if this edge of the stone were to protrude from an imbricated river bed such that it was repeatedly struck by other stones rolling over the bed."
Re "It is extremely unlikely that a naturally abraded river-stone would receive three concoidal fractures along the same
edge" there has been, as best known, nothing like this seen in the modern
or ancient gravel of the river elsewhere. There is one rock type
of these gravels, the silicified Permian claystone ('chert') which
occasionally does show hollows on the surface of pebbles, cuspate lesions,
that presumably are the results of energetic impacts with other pebbles or
cobbles. These features, which seem to be natural impacts, are
quite uncommon and have not been seen on any of the other (coarser-grained)
rock type pebbles.
It is
sometime seen mentioned that these finds from the gravel layer at Upper
Castlereagh are debatable or controversial. For example,
Attenborough (2002) wrote "The earliest claimed evidence for human
occupation in the Sydney region are flaked pebbles associated with the gravels
of Cranebrook Terrace at Castlereagh near Penrith (Nanson et al. 1987;
Stockton 1979:52; Stockton & Holland 1974:65), but these are much
debated." Where this debate has been, and what actually was the
nature of any debate, is still be searched for. Penrith Council
has not included these finds in its heritage studies, despite various
reminders on the matter.
Although
the "debate" has not been found it is true that many mentions of the
matter do cloud or obscure it, e.g. "AHMS (2007) refers to occupation dates of 41 700 and 14 700 calibrated BP at
Cranebrook Terrace and Shaws Creek, respectively although the latter, originally identified by Nanson
et al (1987), is currently under review" (Heritage Assessment: Sydney Water Infrastructure in the
Northwest Growth Centres of Riverstone and Alex Avenue. ENSR Australia Pty Limited (HLA
ENSR), 2008, page 16). In this, it probably 'meant' to
state 'although the former [not 'latter'], originally identified by Nanson et al (1987), is currently under
review'. If so, it infers the matter was "under review" - but
by whom? ENSR Australia Pty Limited was contacted to enquire on
this, in July 2009 [ ENSR Australia Pty Ltd (Formerly HLA Envirosciences
Pty Ltd) has undergone another change, to AECOM, but the
website remains www.ensr.com.au ] .
COLLECTED
[STOCKTON] MATERIAL WHICH IS HELD AT UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY (Macleay Museum)
The Stockton
Collection
1730
artifacts from 105 Australia
wide locations (drawer 1-64,
82, 83)
327
artifacts from Middle-East (drawer
65-80)
14
artifacts from Pacific, N-America, N-Africa,
Europe
(drawer
77-80)
Large
cards found for drawers: 8, 25-31, 33-45, 72-73,
In
database registered drawers: 8, 25-31, 33-36
(Drawers still
to be registered
are : 1-7,
9-24, 32, 46-71, 77-83)
_____________________________________________________________________
x = object without number
??
= object registered in
Stocktons
catalogue, but not found in drawer
_____________________________________________________________________
Australia
(drawers 1-64)
Drawer
1 (Backed Points)
Altona a,
Barnato 1f 9,
1f 3, 3, 1d, 1a,
Bootra x,
Clifton
x,
L. Cargelligo
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6,
N. Era x, x, x,
x, x, x, x,
Garie x,
Goonery Bore x,
Hay 1033a
Kings Table (M)
1, x14-16, 02, 05, 5, 7, 10, 012
Lyre Bird Dell
Murramarang - x, x,
x, x, x,
Osaka
Bore x,
Pelican Point
x, x, x,
Questa
Park
x,
Shaws Creek (K) 2,
3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7,
Springwood
1142, 1165, 1180, 1181, 1191, 1197, 1198, 1221, 1223, 1226, 1227,
1228,
1229, 1231, 1234, 1235, 1237,
W
bI, IV b2, x,
S 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 73, 75, 76, 77,
80,
94,
95, 99,
G 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 32, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51,
52, 53,
57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84,
85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 184, 186,
187, 188, 189, 191, 195,
S. Teresa 1282,
1283, 13??, 1310, 1438,
Tamworth
- 1500
I 17, 17,
17(85.5.27.21)[acc.to database list this should be in drawer 27]
F.P. Dickson x,
Spit 129
Unknown provenance
13?4, 17, 1441,
F.P. Dickson(?)
x,
(+ one wooden
stick, wound with rope as an example for a handle)
Drawer
2 (Geometric Microliths)
Barnato 1a, 1e,
1f 8
Bootra x,
L. Cargelligo
2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3,
Clifton
x,
N. Era x, x, x,
x, x, x, x, x,
Hay 1034, 1037,
Kings Table (M)
Ms1, M06, M4, M7, M, 16, M?,
Kununurra x,
Lyre Bird Dell
L1I,
Manilla 1124,
1125,
Murramarang x,
Questa
Park
x, x, x, x, x,
Shaws Creek KII,
K4, K6, K7
Springwood G,
G13, G1202, 1203, 1184, T1, 1133, 1163, E1161, E1162, S1151, S59, 1182, B32,
Wva2, ?194
S. Teresa - 1269,
1284, 1285, 1302, 1303, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1325, x, x,
Drawer
3 (backed adze flakes)
Balgo x,
Barnato 1a, 1b,
6, 6,
Bass Point x,
Bellsgrove ??
L. Cargelligo
2,3,6
Daly
River
x,
N. Era x, x, x,
x, x,
Garie x,
Gundabooka x,
Hay WF1029,
WF1030
Kings Table ??
Kununurra x,
Lawson 1081,
1086, Dr3
Lyre Bird Dell
L1
Moore Creek x,
Palumpa x,
Pt. Keats x,
Questa
Park
624236
Shaws Creek
K2
,
K2
, K3, K7
Springwood
W1150, S1175, S25, S64, S65, S83, S Dr3, G Dr3, G Dr3, G15, G135, G158, G1211,
G1212, G1213, G1215, G1217, E1166, G1233, x, 1146, WaI, WcI,
S. Teresa x, x,
1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339,
1340, 1341, 1434, 1437,
Tamworth
x,
Tilpa x,
Wilcannia x,
Unknown provenance:
E SW, C5
Drawer
4 (Tulas - slugs & unused)
Alice Springs
1253,
Barnato x, x,
x, 1d, 1d, 1d, 5, 5, 6, 6,
L. Cargelligo
3, 3,
Clifton
x, x,
Goonery Bore x,
x, x,
Gumbaly x,
Palumpa x,
Questa
Park
624236, 624236
St. Teresa
1272, 1278, 13??, 13??, 1348, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1357, 1358, 1360,
1362, 1443, 1444?, 1445,
Springwood
E1168,
Tilpa x,
Whyjonta
563308,
Wilcannia x, x,
Drawer
5 (Amorphous Adze flakes)
Barnato 1d, 1e,
1e, 1f9, 2a, 6,
L. Cargelligo
3, 3, 3, 3,
Elephant Head
x, x, x,
Hay ws1053,
wn1041, wf1033
Kununurra x, x,
Moonee x,
Murramarang x,
Pt. Keats x, x,
x, x, x,
Questa
Park
624236, 624236
Sandys Beach x,
x, x,
St. Teresa x,
1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1381, 1429, 1431, 1432, 1433, 143?,
Wilcannia x,
Wollgoolga x,
Unknown provenance:
omicron 440413
Drawer
6 (Biface & Uniface points)
Barnato 6,
L. Cargelligo
2,
Beagle
Bay
x,
Clifton
q. x, x,
Elephant Head
x,
Goonery bore x,
Kimberly
85.5.6.3,
Kununurra x, x,
x, x, x, x (5 obj.)
Lagrange -
??
Moochalabra x,
Port Keats x,
x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, (10 obj.)
Palumpa x, x,
Questa
Park
624236, 624236 (identical numbers)
S. Teresa 1315,
1316
Drawer
7 (Cores single platform)
Alice Springs
S258,
Barnato 6,
Bindook Gate x,
L. Cargelligo
5,
Era x, x, x,
Gumbaly x,
Hay 1023, 1025,
1043,
Kings Table
M06, M013, M016, x, x,
Lawson D,
Lombadina x, x,
Manly x,
Mooney
Beach
x,
Shaws Creek K5,
K6,
Springwood
W1152,
S. Teresa x,
Wanaaring x,
Unknown provenance;
x(p.a)
Drawer
8 (Cores alternate flaked)
Alice Springs
85.5.8.1,
Balgo - ?? (see
drawer 9?)
Barnato
85.5.8.2, 85.5.8.3,
L. Cargelligo
85.5.8.4, 85.5.8.5,
N. Era
85.5.8.6, 85.5.8.7, 85.5.8.8,
Euroka Road Ridge
85.5.8.9,
Glennbrook
85.5.8.10,
Gumbaly
85.5.8.14,
Kings Table
85.5.8.11, 85.5.8.12, 85.5.8.13,
Daly R. - ??
Lynch Cr.
85.5.8.15,
Machins Crater
85.8.5.16,
Manly
85.5.8.17,
Moore
Cr. 85.5.8.18,
Narromine
85.5.8.19,
Pelican Point
85.5.8.20,
Springwood
85.5.8.21,
S. Teresa
85.5.8.22,
Wilcannia
85.5.8.23
Drawer
9 (Cores irregular)
Alice Springs
6259,
Balgo x, x, x,
x,
N. Era x, x,
Hay 1022,
Hazelbrook x,
Lawson x,
Leura x, x,
Kings Table M1,
M14, M+
Manly x,
Moore
Ck x, x,
Pelican Point
x, x, x,
Shaws Creek K4,
K4,
Springwood WaI,
WaII, WcVI 10, WvaI,
Tamworth
x,
Wattamolla x,
Woolgoolga x,
Drawer
10 (Scalar Cores - fabricators)
Barnato 1b, 6,
L. Cargelligo
x,
Elephant Head
x,
Era x, x, x, x,
x, x, x, x, x, (9 obj.)
Garie x,
Hay 1013, 1015,
1038, 1049, 1054,
Kings Table M+,
M+, M05, M08, M015,
Kununnurra x,
Lawson x,
Leura x,
Manly x, x, x,
x, x, x, x, x, x, etc.. (16 obj.)
Murramarang x,
x,
Norah Head
S82863,
North Head Manly
x,
Palumpa x,
Pelican Point
x,
Shaws Creek
K2
, KII,
Soldiers Point
x,
Springwood B22,
C9, G01, G22, G104, G148, G151, S42, S67, S91, WbI, WbI, 1164, 1169, 1170,
1173, 1174, 601382, x,
Shelley Beach
x,
Woodford x,
Unknown provenance:
H1, H2 (Hazelbrook?)
Drawer
11 (Faceted butts)
Bass Point x,
Barnato 1e,
L. Cargelligo
3,
Clifton
Bore x,
Era x,x,
Kings Table (M)
M02, M03, M11, M11, M12, M16,
Lawson 1073,
1083,
Murramarang x,
Questa
Park
624236,
Santa Teresa
1288,
Shaws Creek (K)
K4, K5, K5, K5, K5, K5, K6, K6,
Springwood (W)
G1245, WaI, WaIV,
Woodford x,
Drawer
12 (Redirecting flakes)
Garie x,
Kings Table M7,
M+,
Lawson 1074,
Leura L1,L1I,
L1II,
N. Era x,
Pt. Keats x, x,
Santa Teresa
1289, x, x, x, x, x,
Shaws Creek K4,
K4, K11, K13,
Springwood
1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, G13, G74, G77, G169, S12,
Woodford x,
Drawer
13 (Special flaking techniques)
Bateau
Bay
(discards) x, x,
assorted flakes
Catherine
Hill
Bay
x,
Daly R. x, x,
x,
Elephant Head
x,
Hazelbrook x,
Kings Table M+,
L. Gargelligo
x,
Lawson 1087, x,
Leura x,
Machins Crater
x,
Manly 1107,
Moore
Ck x,
Murramarang x,
x,
N. Era x,
Palumpa x,
Sandys Beach
(13 obj)
S. Teresa 1286,
1417, 1418, x, x, x,
Shaws Creek K4,
K5,
Shelley Beach
x,
Springwood
1148, 1160, x,
Woodford x,
Woolgoolga x,
Unknown provenance;
x, x,
Drawer
14 (Tool making stones)
Selection of
assorted stones used for tools; no provenance, just identification of stone
types.
Drawer
15 (waste assemblages)
Balgowlah (7
obj.)
Bateau
Bay
(10 obj.)
Cave Creek, Bouddi
Nat. Park x, x, x, x, x,
Daleys Point
x,
Hay 1016, 1017,
1018, 1019,
Manly 1115,
1116, 1118, 1119,
Moochalabra Creek
(45 obj./fragments in matchbox)
North Head (39
obj.)
Pelican Point
x,
Reef
Beach
(10 obj.)
Shelly Beach x,
x, x, x,
Soldier Point
x,
Spring Cove (6
obj. in matchbox)
Store
Beach
, Manly (40 obj.)
Drawer
16 (selected waste)
Alice Springs
x, x, x, x, x, x, x,
Bateau
Bay
1003,
Beagle
Bay
M,
Cave Creek ??
Daleys Point
??
Daly R. x, x,
x,
Elephant Head
x,
Lawson 1091b,
Leura 1099, La,
Manilla (Bendemeer)
H1127,
Manly x,
Maitland
Bay
x,
Norah Head ??
Palumpa x,
Pelican Point
x,
S. Teresa x,
Shaws Creek
K2
, K5,
Springwood (19
obj.)
Swansea
x,
Shelley Beach
??
Soldiers Point
??
Tilpa 7,
Tipperary
Hot Spring x,
Drawer
17 (dentated flakes)
Bindook Gate x,
Broome x,
Burning Palms
x,
Clifton
x,
Elephant Head
x,
Goonery Bore x,
x, x,
Gumbaly x, x,
Hay ws1062,
Hazelbrook H+,
Kings Table M+,
Kununnurra x,
x,
Lawson ??
Leura 1093,
Moochalabra x,
Moore Creek x,
Osaka
Bore x, x,
Purnanga
642225,
Questa
Park
x,
S. Teresa 1267,
1270, 1271, 1273, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1408, 1426, 1440, x,
Springwood
1167,
Wanaaring x, x,
Alice Springs
1250, (wrong drawer?)
Drawer
18 (trimmed margins high angle)
Alice Springs
1263, T.S.,
Balgo x,
Barnato 5, 10,
16,
Elephant Head
x,
Era x,
Garie x, x,
Goonerie Bore
x,
Gumbaly x, x,
x,
Hay 1051, 1058,
1063,
Hazelbrook
H2(c),
Kings Table
M012,
Mecoola Creek
575296,
Palumpa x, x,
x, x,
Pelican Point
x, x,
Pinney
Beach
2,
Pt. Keats x,
Sandy
s Beach x,
S. Teresa 1287,
1379, 1380,
Shaws Creek K4,
K5, K5,
Springwood S39,
S47, S49, G102, E, 1160, 645384,
Woodford f,
Drawer
19 (Trimmed Margin low angle)
Barnato 1b, 1e,
1d, 6,
Broome I,
L. Cargelligo
2, 3, 3, 5, 6, x,
Era x,
Garie x, x,
Goonery Bore x,
Hay 1052, 1061,
Kings Table M+,
M2,
Kununurra x,
Lauradale x,
Linden
(red hands cave) x,
Manly x,
Norah Head x,
Palumpa x, x,
Pt. Keats x, x,
Questa
Park
624236, x,
Sandys Beach x,
S. Teresa 1378,
1410, 1411, 1412,
Shaws Creek K4,
K4, K5,
Springwood
1210, 1292, S31, S85, S90, G14, G24, G39, G101, G147, G197
Tulls Bore
x,
Walkdens x,
Wanaaring x,
Wilcannia x, x,
Soldiers Pt. ??
Unkown provenance
x,
Drawer
20 (Trimmed Distal discoid)
L. Cargelligo
1, 2,
Clifton
x, x, x,
Gumbaly x,
Hay 1020, 1046,
1047, 1048, 1050,
Hazelbrook H5,
Kurringa x,
Palumpa x, x,
Port
Arlington
x,
Questa
Park
624236, 624236, 624236, 624236, x,
S. Teresa 1275,
1290, 1367, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1376, 1377, x,
Springwood ??
Tilpa x,
Tulls Bore
x,
Wilcannia x, x,
Lawson 1089,
Unkown provenance
L1,
Drawer
21 (Trimmed distal end &
nosed)
Barnato 2a,
Broken Hill 9M,
L. Cargelligo
2, 2,
Clifton
x, x,
Era x, x,
Goonery Bore x,
Gumbaly x, x,
x, x, x, x,
Hazelbrook H4,
Kings Table M+,
M+, M04, M07, M8,
Lawson 1082,
Leura ??
Manly FB1109,
Nyanga M+,
Perrys Lookdown
x,
Pinney
Beach
x,
Pt. Keats x,
Questa
Park
624236, 624236, 624236,
S. Teresa 1274,
1277, 1291, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366,
Shaws Creek
K5, K5, K5, K5.
Springwood
G1206, WaIV,
Drawer
22 (Trimmed concave)
Alice Springs
1256, 1262,
Balgowlah x,
Barnato 2a, 2c,
x,
Bindook Gate x,
L. Cargelligo
2, 2, 3,
Daly
River
x, x, x, x,
Era x, x,
Garie x, x,
Goonery Bore x,
Kings Table M+,
M06, M8,
Hay WS1056,
Hazelbrook x,
Machins crater
x,
Mooney
Beach
x,
Murramarang x,
Myall Causeway
x,
S. Teresa 1389,
1390,
Shaws Creek
K1, K6,
Springwood
G143, G144, G149, G153, S86, S89, 1143, 1153, 1155, 1157, 1189, 1205, 1440,
WbIII, WcVI, 583395, x,
Swansea
675095,
Wamberal ??
Valley
Heights
593362,
Unknown provenance
x, x, x,
Drawer
23 (Natural Points)
Alice Springs
1251, 1257, 1260,
Castlereagh ??
Clifton
x,
Kings Table -
Wentworth falls (x), M6, M06, M18, M18, M20, MS1, Mx14-16,
Lawson 1084,
Purnanga
642225,
S. Teresa 1281,
1311, 1312, 1313, 1439,
Shaws Creek
K4, K5, K5, K6,
Springwood
1186, 1239,
Drawer
24 (Trimmed Points Edge retouch)
Alice Springs
1252,
Barnato 3, 6,
Bootra Creek x,
Clifton
x,
Cockatoo Springs
x,
Goonery Bore x,
x,
Hay 1035, 1036,
Kings Table MII,
Kununurra x, x,
x, x, x, x, x,
Leura ??
Mecoola Creek
578293,
Pelican Point
x,
Questa
Park
624236, x, x,
S. Teresa 1280,
1301, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1314, 1442, x,
Shaws Creek
K4, K4, K5, K5,
Springwood
1222,
Unknown provenance
x, x, x,
Drawer
25 (Trimmed Points - thick,
diverse retouch)
Barnato
85.5.25.5 85.5.25.13 (9 obj)
Bootra Creek
85.5.25.3, 85.5.25.4,
L. Cargelligo
85.5.25.22, 85.5.25.23, 85.5.25.24,
Kununurra
85.5.25.2
Mecoola Creek
85.5.25.20, 85.5.25.21(broken in 2),
Osaka
Bore 85.5.25.15,
Questa
Park
85.5.25.16 85.5.25.19 (4 obj)
Springwood
85.5.25.25,
Whyjonta
85.5.25.1,
Wilcannia
85.5.25.14,
Drawer
26 (Knives)
L. Cargelligo
85.5.26.13,
Lombadina
85.5.26.4,
Manly
85.5.26.16,
Norah Head (south)
85.5.26.12,
Pt. Keats
85.5.26.11, 85.5.26.14,
S. Teresa
85.5.26.2, 85.5.26.5 85.5.26.9, 85.5.26.17 (7 obj)
Woolgoolga
85.5.26.1, 85.5.26.10, 85.5.26.15,
missing from
drawer: 85.5.26.3
Drawer
27 (Awls)
Elephant Head
85.5.27.10
Hay 85.5.27.16,
Kings Table
85.5.27.15, 85.5.27.17, 85.5.27.23, 85.5.27.28,
Kununurra
85.5.27.2 85.5.27.8, 85.5.27.11, 85.5.27.19 (9 obj)
Leura
85.5.27.20,
Moochalabra
85.5.27.1,
Palumpa
85.5.27.2, 85.5.27.3, 85.5.27.9, 85.5.27.24,
Shaws Creek
85.5.27.14, 85.5.27.22, 85.5.27.25, 85.5.27.27,
Springwood
85.5.27.12, 85.5.27.13, 85.5.27.18, 85.5.27.29,
Unknown provenance
85.5.27.26,
Drawer
28 (Picks)
Bateau
Bay
85.5.28.2, 85.5.28.6,85.5.28.7,
Clifton
85.5.28.4,
Fishermans Bay
85.5.28.1, 85.5.28.3, 85.5.28.5,
Glenbrook
85.5.28.1,
Moore
Ck. 85.5.28.9,
Drawer
29 (Anvil stones)
Hay 85.5.29.2,
85.5.29.3,
Lagrange
85.5.29.1, 85.5.29.4,
Drawer
30 (Hammer stones)
Burning Palms
85.5.30.5,
Era 85.5.30.7,
Fishermans Bay
85.5.30.3, 85.5.30.8,
Hay 85.5.30.4,
Lightning
Ridge-
85.5.30.6,
Osaka
Bore 85.5.30.10,
Sandys Beach
85.5.30.1,
Shaws Creek
85.5.30.9,
Springwood
85.5.30.2, 85.5.30.11,
Drawer
31 & 32 - Outsize material
Diggers
Beach
85.5.31.9,
Euroka
85.5.31.6,
Moochalabra Ck
85.5.31.1,
Purnanga
85.5.31.10,
Tibooburra Ck ??
Wanaaring
85.5.31.4, 85.5.31.5,
Wilcannia
85.5.31.7,
Woolgoolga
85.5.31.8,
WNSW (Bourke) ??
Object numbers
missing from drawer: 85.5.31.2,
85.5.31.3
Drawer
33 (serrated flakes)
Barnato
85.5.33.9, 85.5.33.20,
Bateau
Bay
85.5.33.30,
L. Cargelligo
85.5.33.27,
Clifton
Bore 85.5.33.16,
Era 85.5.33.28,
Glenbrook (red
hands cave) 85.5.33.39
Hay 85.5.33.34,
Flat Rocks
85.5.33.5,
Mt Oxley
85.5.33.3,
Nyanga Hts
85.5.33.4,
Palumpa
85.5.33.15, 85.5.33.18,
Pinney
Beach
85.5.33.36,
Pt. Keats
85.5.33.25, 85.5.33.29,
Port MacDonnell
85.5.33.8,
Sandys Beach
85.5.33.31,
Soldiers Point
85.5.33.33,
Shaws Creek
85.5.33.26,
Springwood
85.5.33.2, 85.5.33.13, 85.5.33.23, 85.5.33.37, 85.5.33.38,
St Teresa
85.5.33.1, 85.5.33.6, 85.5.33.7, 85.5.33.10, 85.5.33.11, 85.5.33.12,
85.5.33.14, 85.5.33.17, 85.5.33.21, 85.5.33.24, 85.5.33.32, 85.5.33.35,
Walkdens
85.5.33.22,
Woolgoolga
85.5.33.19,
Drawer
34 (steep scrapers straight side)
Balgo
85.5.34.10,
Barnato
85.5.34.5,
Era 85.5.34.14,
Gumbaly
85.5.34.6, 85.5.34.16,
L. Cargelligo
85.5.34.9, 85.5.34.20,
Lauradale
85.5.34.8, 85.5.34.18,
Manly
85.5.34.4, 85.5.34.13, 85.5.34.19,
Norah Head
85.5.34.3,
Pelican Point
85.5.34.7,
Sandys Beach
85.5.34.12,
Spring Cove
Springwood
85.5.34.2, 85.5.34.11, 85.5.34.21,
Wanaaring
85.5.34.17,
Wilcannia
85.5.34.1,
Unknown provenance;
85.5.34.15,
Drawer
35 (steep scrapers covex)
Balgo
85.5.35.16, 85.5.35.19,
Barnato
85.5.35.13,
Bateau
Bay
85.5.35.27
Castlereagh ??
Clifton
85.5.35.9, 85.5.35.24,
Cuttaburra
85.5.35.3,
Goonery Bore
85.5.35.4, 85.5.35.15,
Hay 85.5.35.22,
85.5.35.26
Lake
Menindee
85.5.35.1,
Lawson
85.5.35.12,
Leura
85.5.35.18,
Nyanga
85.5.35.21,
N. Era
85.5.35.23, 85.5.35.30,
Questa
Park
85.5.35.6, 85.5.35.17,
S. Teresa
85.5.35.2, 85.5.35.10,
Shaws Creek
85.5.35.8,
Springwood
85.5.35.14, 85.5.35.28, 85.5.35.29,
Tamworth
85.5.35.25,
Tulls Bore
85.5.35.7,
Wilcannia
85.5.35.11,
Unknown provenance:
85.5.35.5,
object number
missing from drawer: 85.5.35.20
Drawer
36 steep scrapers (nosed, pointed)
Alice Springs
85.5.36.11
Barnato
85.5.36.3, 85.5.36.15,
Castlereagh ??
Goonery Bore
85.5.36.17,
Gumbaly
85.5.36.4, 85.5.36.5,
Kings Table
85.5.36.6, 85.5.36.23,
Kurringa
85.5.36.1
L. Cargelligo
85.5.36.24,
Lauradale
85.5.36.19,
Leura 1098 (no
museum numbering)
Mt.
Oxley
85.5.36.21,
Myall Causeway
85.5.36.22,
N. Era
85.5.36.12, 85.5.36.14,
Nyngan
85.5.36.16,
Questa
Park
85.5.36.13,
S. Teresa
85.5.36.8, 85.5.36.20, 85.5.36.25,
Springwood
85.5.36.7, 85.5.36.26, 85.5.36.28
Tilpa
85.5.36.10,
Wilcannia
85.5.36.18, 85.5.36.29,
Woolgoolga
85.5.36.9,
Unknown provenance:
85.5.36.27
Drawer
37 Steep scrapers (concave)
Balgo
85.5.37.3, 85.5.37.4,
Bateau
Bay
85.5.37.1, 85.5.37.2,
Blue Lagoon
85.5.37.5,
Gumbaly
85.5.37.7, 85.5.37.8,
L. Cargelligo
85.5.37.11, 85.5.37.12,
Moore
Ck 85.5.37.9,
Sandys Beach
85.5.37.13,
Springwood
85.5.37.10,
Wilcannia
85.5.37.6,
Drawer
38 Alternate (flaked pieces)
Anna
Bay
85.5.38.3,
Bateau
Bay
85.5.38.23,
Beagle
Bay
85.5.38.6, 85.5.38.16,
Bindook Gate
85.5.38.18,
Castlereagh
85.5.38.15,
Era 85.5.38.17
Garie
85.5.38.4,
Goonery Bore
85.5.38.25
Kununurra
85.5.38.8, 85.5.38.21,
Manilla
85.5.38.19,
Norah Head
85.5.38.1, 85.5.38.7, 85.5.38.22,
Pinney
Beach
85.5.38.2,
Pt. Keats
85.5.38.27,
S. Teresa
85.5.38.11,
Shelley Beach
85.5.38.10,
Springwood
85.5.38.13,
Tamworth
85.5.38.14, 85.5.38.24,
Terrigal
85.5.38.9,
Wilcannia
85.5.38.12,
Unknown provenance:
85.5.38.26,
Object numbers
missing from drawer: 85.5.38.5,
85.5.38.20
Drawer
39 Biface choppers
Bateau
Bay
85.5.39.2, 85.5.39.5,
Bindook Stockyard
85.5.39.3,
N. Era
85.5.39.4,
Fishermans Bay
85.5.39.8,
Pymble
85.5.39.6,
Sandys Beach
85.5.39.9,
S. Teresa
85.5.39.1, 85.5.39.7,
Springwood
85.5.39.10,
Drawer
40 Biface choppers (peripheral)
Fishermans Bay
??
Moore
Ck 85.5.40.4,
Tamworth
(Nemingha-Kootingal) 85.5.40.1,
85.5.40.3,
Thargomindah
85.5.40.5,
Wanaaring
85.5.40.2,
Drawer
41 Uniface choppers (terminal)
Bateau
Bay
85.5.41.1, 85.5.41.2, 85.5.41.8,
Castlereagh ??
Era 85.5.41.6,
Fishermans Bay
85.5.41.7,
Pinney
Beach
85.5.41.10,
Sandys Beach
85.5.41.4,
Shaws Creek
85.5.41.9,
Springwood -
85.5.41.3,
Woolgoolga
85.5.41.5,
Drawer
42 Uniface choppers (marginal)
Bateau
Bay
85.5.42.3, 85.5.42.8,
Broome
85.5.42.2,
L. Macquarie
85.5.42.6,
Norah Head
85.5.42.9,
Woolgoolga
85.5.42.1, 85.5.42.4, 85.5.42.5, 85.5.42.7,
Drawer
43 Uniface choppers (peripheral)
Broken Hill ??
Clifton
Bore 85.5.43.2,
Purnanga
85.5.43.4,
Sandys Beach
85.5.43.1,
Shaws Creek
85.5.43.3,
Drawer
44 Uniface split pebble tools
Bateau
Bay
85.5.44.2, 85.5.44.4, 85.5.44.9,
Euroka
85.5.44.11,
Fishermans
Bay
85.5.44.1, 85.5.44.10,
Flint & Steel
Bay
85.5.44.8,
Shelley Beach
85.5.44.3, 85.5.44.6,
Soldiers Point
85.5.44.5,
Wamberal
85.5.44.7,
Drawer
45 Secondary choppers
Alice Springs
85.5.45.14,
Bateau
Bay
85.5.45.1,
Beagle
Bay
85.5.45.11,
Era 85.5.45.7,
Euroka
85.5.45.13,
Hay 85.5.45.8,
Lombadina
85.5.45.4, 85.5.45.9,
Manly
85.5.45.5, 85.5.45.12, 85.5.45.15,
S. Teresa
85.5.45.6,
Springwood
85.5.45.10,
Tamworth
85.5.45.2, 85.5.45.3,
Drawer
46 Dentated/serrated flakes
Bass Pt. x,
Bateau
Bay
x,
Bellsgrove x,
Euroka 1970, x,
Hazelbrook H2,
Kununurra x,
L. Cardelligo
1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 7,
Lauradale x,
Lyre Bird Dell
L+, L, L, L, L, L2,
Machins Saddle
1968,
N. Era x,
Shaws Creek
K4, K5, K6, x,
Springwood
1208, 1219, 646385, 60?39?, C3, C8, G5, G18, G19, G23, G26, G29, G106, G199,
S26, S27, S33, S37, S50, x, x, (21
obj.)
Twin Peaks
Gate x,
Wanaaring x,
Drawer
47/48 Large cores & core
tools
Barnato 1a,
Bateau
Bay
x,
Gumbaly x,
Machins crater
x,
Palumpa x,
Purnanga ??
Swansea
675093, 675095,
Sawtell x,
Undoolya Claypan
x, x,
Drawer
49 - Edgeground axes (biface coroid)
Darlington
point 1005,
Kununurra x,
Lagrange x,
Lightning Ridge
1101,
Palumpa x,
S. Teresa 1266,
Drawer
50 Edge-ground Axes (windang)
Hawkesbury Lookout
1007,
Ipswich
1067, 1068,
Springwood
1199,
Drawer
51 Edge-ground axes (pebble)
Hawkesbury Lookout
1006,
Machins crater
1968,
Manly x,
Springwood
1131, 1172, C,
Woolgoolga x,
Drawer
52 Edge-ground axes (pecked)
Bourke x,
Broome x,
Manilla 1127a,
S. Teresa 1423,
Drawer
53 Edge-ground axes (small)
Barnato 3,
Lagrange x,
Fords Bridge
x,
Thargomindah x,
Tulls Bore
x,
Drawer
54 Polished Varia
Hazelbrook
1066,
Kings Table
M015, M51,
Kununurra x,
Lagrange x,
Lawson 1086,
Manly x,
Moore Creek x,
Springwood x,
Pelican Point
x,
Tamworth
x,
Drawer
55 Polishing Stones
Broome C, C, C,
Hay 1011, 1045,
Lawson 10910
Manly 1111, x,
x, x, x, x,
Shelly Beach x,
Springwood WS,
WaI,
Store
Beach
x,
Thargomindah x,
unknown provenance:
x,
Drawer
56 Grinding stones
Broome C, C, C,
Lagrange
488657, 486657,
L. Cargelligo
6,
Shaws Creek
K01,
Drawer
57 Millstones
Barnato 3,
Beagle
Bay
C,
Bourke x,
Gundabooka x,
Hay 1065,
L. Cargelligo
5,
Lightning Ridge
1101, 1103,
Questa
Park
x,
S. Teresa 1425,
Walkdens x,
Drawer
58 Sacred objects
(No objects in
drawer)
Drawer
59 Ornaments
Balgo x,
Era x (red
ochre),
Fords Bridge
x,
Lagrange 5
pearl shell ornaments,
Manly x (wite
ochre)
Port Keats
ochre in 4 tubes(4 colors), x (perforated shell)
Reef
Beach
x (pierced shell),
S W. Qld x,
Drawer
60 wooden implements
Central Australia
x (toy woomera),
Lagrange po(?),
Port Keats x (minminnil),
S. Teresa x
(stone tipped chisel)
Wilcannia x,
Drawer
61 shell/bone implements
Boat
Harbour
x, x, x, x,
Cave Creek x,
Era x, x, x, x,
Lagrange
Pelican Point
x, x, x,
Spring Cove (11
obj.)
Unknown provenance:
6 bone fragments, 3 shell fishhooks, 1 shell,
Drawer
62 Quartz implements
Castlereagh x,
Elephant Head
x,
Era x, x,
Hazelbrook x,
x, x,
Kings Table (17
obj.)
Lawson 1076,
1077, 1078, 1090, 1091, x, x,
Manilla 1123,
Manly x,
Moore
Ck. x,
Pinney
Beach
??
Shaws Ck. (57
obj.)
Springwood
1147, 1195, 1201, 1209, G132, S16, S43, x, x, x,
Woodford J, J,
J, J,
Woolgoolga x,
x,
Drawer
63 Glass implements (W.A. & N.T.)
Alice Springs
1122, x,
Broome (20
obj.)
Kununurra (5
obj.)
Lagrange (49
obj.)
Moochalabra x,
Unknown provenance
(8 obj.)
Drawer
64 Glass implements (NSW)
Barnato x, x,
Bourke (8 obj.)
Hay 1008, 1009,
1010, x, x, x,
L. Cargelligo
3, 3, 3, 4, 4,
Manly x, x, x,
x,
Tamworth
1503,
Wilcannia (6
obj)
Unknown provenance
x,
MIDDLE
EAST (Drawers 65-76)
Drawer 65
Drawer 73: see large reference cards
(continuing
numbering 1-278
Stockton
s numbering used by
Macleay
Museum
)
[note:
numbering in following drawers may be overlapping with previous numbers, but
are in fact different objects!!]
Drawer 74
Picks and chisels
Bethlehem
27, 29, 40, 43,
T. Ghassul 71,
80, 94, 100, 115, 122, 127, 130, x,
Jericho
x,
udea
x,
T. es Sultun
222,
Drawer 75 -
Cores and blades
Carmel
52, 53,
T. Ghassul 18,
86, 126,
Jerash 149,
151,
El Khiam 163,
165,
W. Madamagh
166,
W. Mugharah x,
x,
Mt.
Nebo
203,
N. Oren - ??
Petra
214,
Khirbet et Tannur
256,
Unknown provenance
261,
Drawer 76
Late lithic varia
Aproximations to
elouera
Arafa 37,
T. Ghassul 67,
76, 95, 124, 134,
T. Iktanu 143,
Jericho
x, x,
Kyrenia 271,
W. Mugherah x,
Hare Nazaret
198,
W. Sweinit 228,
Tahouneh 236,
240, 245, 249,
Kh. Et-Tannur
250, 251,
Tjiklos 269,
Qaerenda
Bella pais 270,
Far at Mahliba
x,
T. Gezer 65,
T. Ghassul 105,
106, 128,
T. Iktanu 142,
Qumran
218,
Sakkara
x,
Shechem 219,
Et-Tell 257,
Loom weights(?)
T. Ghassul 84,
85,
Celts
T. Ghassul 90,
Jerusalem
155,
Ruweis el Kheil
x,
Redirecting
flakes
Bethlehem
34,
Jerash 147,
Tahouneh 242,
Shell ornament
Tell es Sultan
223,
Bitumen
Tahouneh 236,
Drawer
77
North
America
North America
9 arrowheads,
Libyan desert
2 bifaces
Denmark
3 flint implements
Turkey
(Catal Huyuk) 21 obsidian flakes
Drawer
78
New
Zealand
4 polished axeheads
(1247, 1248, x, x,)
1 sinker
Drawer
79
Papua
New Guinea
4 polished axeheads
(1246 (Trobriand isl), x, x, x,)
1 hafted adze
1 bone dagger (Maprik)
3 carved
wood/bamboo implements
1 carved turtle
shell object
1 tusk
Drawer
80 New Hebrides (
Vanuatu
)
2 stone adze/axeheads
1 shell flake
1 flaked glass
2 possible
artifacts of rough worked stone
1 string
2 tusks
Drawer
81
(No objects; empty!
Drawer
82 Castlereagh
85.5.82.1
85.5.82.12 (11 obj.)
(except 85.5.82.5;
missing from drawer)
Drawer
83 Castelreagh continued
85.5.83.1
85.5.83.9 (9 obj)
____________________________________________________________________
[Collection
cataloguing/annotation - Last update: 15 February 2006 by Melanie van Olffen]
____________________________________________________________________
~~~
@@@@@@ ~~~~~
Stockton
Collection
material from "Castlereagh"
Castlereagh material:
---------------------
Drawer 23 (Natural Points) - Castlereagh - ??
Drawer 35 (steep scrapers - covex) - Castlereagh - ??
Drawer 38 Alternate (flaked pieces) - Castlereagh - 85.5.38.15,
Drawer 62 Quartz implements - Castlereagh - x,
Drawer 82 Castlereagh
85.5.82.1 - 85.5.82.12 (11 obj.)
(except 85.5.82.5; missing from drawer)
Drawer 83 Castelreagh continued
85.5.83.1 - 85.5.83.9 (9 obj)
Stockton
Collection
material from "Kings Table"
Kings Table material:
--------------------
Drawer 2 (Geometric Microliths) - Kings Table (M) - Ms1, M06, M4, M7, M, 16, M?,
Drawer 3 (backed adze flakes) - Kings Table - ??
Drawer 7 (Cores -single platform) - Kings Table - M06, M013, M016, x, x,
Drawer 8 (Cores - alternate flaked) - Kings Table - 85.5.8.11, 85.5.8.12, 85.5.8.13,
Drawer 9 (Cores - irregular) - Kings Table - M1, M14, M+
Drawer 10 (Scalar Cores - "fabricators") - Kings Table - M+, M+, M05, M08, M015,
Drawer 11 (Faceted butts) - Kings Table (M) - M02, M03, M11, M11, M12, M16,
Drawer 12 (Redirecting flakes) - Kings Table - M7, M+,
Drawer 13 (Special flaking techniques) - Kings Table - M+,
Drawer 17 (dentated flakes) - Kings Table - M+,
Drawer 18 (trimmed margins -high angle) - Kings Table - M012,
Drawer 19 (Trimmed Margin - low angle) - Kings Table - M+, M2,
Drawer 21 (Trimmed distal - end & nosed) - Kings Table - M+, M+, M04, M07, M8,
Drawer 22 (Trimmed concave) - Kings Table - M+, M06, M8,
Drawer 23 (Natural Points) - Kings Table - Wentworth falls (x), M6, M06, M18, M18, M20, MS1, Mx14-16,
Drawer 24 (Trimmed Points - Edge retouch) - Kings Table - MII,
Drawer 27 (Awls) - Kings Table - 85.5.27.15, 85.5.27.17, 85.5.27.23, 85.5.27.28,
Drawer 36 steep scrapers (nosed, pointed) - Kings Table - 85.5.36.6, 85.5.36.23,
Drawer 62 Quartz implements - Kings Table - (17 obj.)
REFERENCES
Attenborough, Val, 2002.
Pre-colonial Aboriginal land and resource use in Centennial, Moore and Queens
Parks assessment of historical and archaeological evidence for Centennial
Parklands Conservation Management Plan. Report for Beyond
Consulting, and Conybeare Morrison & Partners. Australian
Museum Business Services Project No 2001085. Centennial
Parklands Conservation Management Plan. Vol. 3, Appendix S.
Nanson, G. C., Young, R. A. W. and Stockton, E. D. 1987.
Chronology and palaeoenvironment of the Cranebrook Terrace (near Sydney)
containing artefacts more than 40,000 years old. Archaeology in Oceania 22:
72-8.
Nanson, G. C., Cohen, T. J., Doyle, C. J. and Price, D. M. 2003.
Alluvial evidence of major late-Quaternary climate and flow regime changes on
the coastal rivers of New South Wales, Australia. In K. Gregory and C. Benito
eds, Palaeohydrology: understanding global change: 233-58. Wiley, Chichester.
Stockton, E. D., 1979. The search for
the first Sydneysiders. In: Stanbury, P. (Ed.), 10,000 Years of
Sydney Life. A Guide to Archaeological Discovery, pp 4954. The Macleay
Museum, The University of Sydney, Sydney.
Stockton, E. D., 1982. Arabian Cult Stones. Ph.D. thesis,
Department of Semitic Studies, University of Sydney. 472 pp..
Stockton,
E.D., 1993. Archaeology of the Blue Mountains. In:
Stockton, E.D. (Ed.), Blue Mountains Dreaming:. The Aboriginal Heritage,
pp 2352. A Three Sisters Publication, Winmalee, NSW.
Stockton, E. D., 2002. The Bioregion of Deerubin.
(Unpublished talk). A paper presented at the University of Western
Sydney "Place and Culture" forum, held at Yarramundi, May 4th, 2002.
Stockton, E. D. and Holland, W. N., 1974. Cultural sites and their
environment in the Blue Mountains. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in
Oceania. Vol. 9 (1), pp. 36-65.
Stockton, E. D. and Merriman, J. (Eds.), 2009. Blue
Mountains Dreaming: The Aboriginal Heritage. (Second
Edition). Blue Mountains Education and Research Trust, Lawson. 255
pp.
(More references coming .... )
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